Samuel macauley jackson, D. D., LL. D

RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Bath Hot

Baum

was rector in 1893 94, until 1900, when he went to Berlin as professor of Old Testament exegesis, a chair which he still holds. In theology he is an adherent of the historical school of investigation, and seeks to elucidate the religion of the Old Testa­ment by other Semitic faiths. He has written: Translatitmis trntiquw arabicte dt'(rri Jobi qua: suPer­surtt nustc primum edits (Leipsie, 1870); Eulogies and Alvar, sin Abschniti spaniseher Kirehenge­schichte aus tier Ze6t der Maurenherrschaft (1872); Jtlhve et Moloch, sine de rtrtiane inter ileum Israeli­tarum et Moloehum intercedente (1874); Studien zur semitischen Religitmsgeschichte (2 vole., 1876­1878); Die Geschichte ties alltestamentlichen Priester­thums utttersucht (1889); August Dillmtmn (1895); Eirtleitung in die Bueher ilea Allen Testaments (1901); and Eamun Asklepios (Giessen, 1906).


BAU'ER, BRUNO: A modern Biblical critic, of the most extreme radicalism; b. at Eisenberg (35 m. s. of Halls), in the duchy of Altenburg, Sept. 8, 1809; d. at Rixdorf, near Berlin, Apr. 15, 1882. He was educated in Berlin precisely in Hegel's most brilliant period. He took his place at first in the conservative wing of the Hegelian school, of which his teacher Marheineke was the leader, and reviewed the Leben Jesu of David Friedrich Strauss, who had been his fellow student, unfavor­ably, accusing Strauss of " entire ignorance of what criticism means." He undertook also to defend Marheineke's position by issuing (1836 38) the Zcitschrift fur sPeku7atiroe Theologie. In 1838 he published the Kritik tier Geschichte der Off ert­barung (2 vole., Berlin). A year later Altenstein, minister of public worship and instruction, ap­pointed him to a position is the University of Bonn, and his prospects seemed promising. But he was already in a fair way to break with his past, as shortly appeared in his Krilik der evangelischen Gesehichte des Johannes (Bremen, 1840) and Kritik der evtrngetischen Geschichte der Syno;Otiker (3 vole., Leip­aie,1841), which went beyond Strauss, and, adopting the theory of Wilke that Mark is the original gos­pel, derived the whole story, not, with Strauss, from the imagination of the primitive Christian community, but from that of a single mind. This extreme carrying out of Hegelian principles nat­urally aroused wide spread excitement. Eichhorn, who had succeeded Altenstein as minister, put the question to the Prussian universities whether the holder of such views could be allowed to teach. The answers were not unanimous; but Bauer injured his own cause by a still more amazing and reckless onslaught on traditional theology (Theologiache Schamlosigkeiten, in the flallische Jti)trbucher fur deutsche Wissenschaft, Nov., 1841), and was de­prived of his academic post in March, 1842. His literary activity continued incessant. Living on his small estate at Rixdorf, he poured forth a succession of volumes on the history of the eight­eenth and nineteenth centuries between 1843 and 1849. In 1850 he came back to his old field, and in the neat three years had renewed his attack on the gospels and included the Acts and the Pauline epistles, considering even the four admitted by the Tilbingen school as second century Western prod 

ucts. In the place of Christ and Paul, to him Philo, Seneca, and the Gnostics appeared the real creative forces in the evolution of Christian concep­tions. He continued his attempts to prove the connection between Greco Roman philosophy and Christianity in Christus and die Casaren (Berlin, 1877). Here he places the genesis of the Christian religion practically as late as the reign of Marcus Aurelius, sad the original gospel in that of Hadrian, after which " clever men " were busy for some forty years in the composition of the Pauline epistles. Only the framework of the new religion was Jewish; its spirit came from further west; Christianity is really " Stoicism becoming dominant in a Jewish metamorphosis." Bauer left practically no fol­lowers in Germany for such remarkable theories. His fantastic hypercriticism found a home for a time in Holland with Allard Pierson, Naber, and Loman; and still later it made some attempts to gain a foothold in Switzerland with Steck's assault upon Galatians. (J. HAU88LErrEx.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Holtamann, in Protutantiachs Kirdunzeit­unp, 1882, pp. b40 545; F. C. Baur, Rirehengeachichte ilea neunsehnten Jahrhunderta, Leipsie, 1882; O. PBeiderer, Die Entwiddung der proteatantiachen TheoTopit in Deutachiand sere Karat, pp. 295 297, Freiburg, 1891. On the teaching of Bauer and the Opposition it around consult E. Bauer, Bruno Bauer and seine Gegrur, Berlin, 1842; O. F. Gruppe, Bruno Bauer and die akademiache Lehr/rsihsit, ib. 1842.


BAUER, WALTER FELIX: German Protestant; b. at Kiinigsberg Aug. 8, 1877. From 1895 to 1900 he studied at the universities of Marburg, Berlin, and Strasburg, and since 1903 has been privat docent for church history at the University of Marburg. He has written Mundige and Unmiin­dige bei dem A;OOatel Paulus (Marburg, 1902) and Der Aloostolos der Syrer in der Zeit von der Mitts des roierten JttJtrhunderta bis zur Spaltung der syri,­schen Kirche (Giessen, 1903).


BAUM, baum, HENRY MASON: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at East Schuyler, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1848. He was educated at the Hudson River Institute, Claverack, N. Y., but did not attend a college. He received his theological training at De Lancet' Divinity School, Geneva, N. Y., and was ordained to the priesthood in 1870. He was successively rector of St. Peter's Church, East Bloomfield, N. Y. (I870 71), missionary to Allen's Hill, Victor, Lima, and Honeoye Falls, N. Y. (1871­1872), rector of St. Matthew's Church, Laramie City, Wyo. (1872 73), in charge of St. James's Church, Paulaborough, N. J. (1873 74), rector of St. Mat­thew's Church, Lambertville, N. J. (187rr76), and rector of Trinity Church, Easton, Pa. (1876 80). From 1880 to 1892 he was editor of The Church Review, and in 1901 founded the Records of the Past, which he edited until 1905. He has taken a keen interest in the preservation of the antiquities of the United States, and was the author of the act passed by the Senate in 1904 for the protection of these archeological remains. In that year he also founded the Institute of Historical Research at Washington, and has since been its president. In theology he is a firm believer in the historical accuracy of the Bible. He has written Rights arid Duties of Rectors, Church Wardens, arid Vestrymert ire

Baum

8aur

the American Church (Philadelphia, 1879) and The Law o f the Church in the United States (New York, 1886).


BAUM, JOHANN WILHELM: Protestant Ger­man theologian; b. at Flonheim (17 m. s.s.w. of Mainz) Dec. 7, 1809; d. at Strasburg Nov. 28, 1878. When he was thirteen years of age, he was sent to Strasburg to the house of his uncle, where he prepared himself for the ministry. Havingcom­pleted his studies, he was made teacher at, the theo­logical seminary at Strasburg in 1835. his posi­tion he resigned in 1844 and accepted the position of vicar of St. Thomas's in that city, whose first preacher he became in 1847. At the close of the Franco Prussian war, the German government appointed him professor in the University of Stras­burg. He belonged to the liberal Protestant party of his country, and made himself known by his writings on the history of the Reformation, as well as that of his own time, including Franz Lambent von Avignon (Strasburg and Paris, 1840); Theodor Beza nach handschriftlichen Quellen darge­stellt (2 vole., Leipaic, 1843 45); Johann Georg Stuber, den Vorganger Oberlins im Steinthale and VorkBmpfer einer neuen Zeit in Strassburg (Stras­burg, 1846); Die Memoiren d'Aubigne's des Huge­notten von ahem Schrott and Tforn (Leipsic, 1854); Capito and Butzer, Strassburgs Reformatoren (Elber­feld, 1860), being the third part of Leben and ausgewdhlte SchrifRen den VBter and Begriinder den reformirten Kirche. Besides these works written in German,_ he published in French Lea tglisco rEformees de rance soul la, croix (Strasburg, 1869); Les MEmoires de P. Carriers lit Corteia (Strasburg, 1871); Le Proeea de Baudichon de la. Maisori Neuve (Geneva, 1873). For a number of years Baum assisted his colleagues Reuss and Cunitz in the edition of Calvin's works published in the Corpus reformatorum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Zur Erinnerunp an J. W. Baum, Roden,. Strasburg, 1878; M. Baum, J. W. Baum, sin proteatanlisches Clmakterbild aua den Blows, Bremen, 1880.


BAUMGARTEN, MICHAEL: German theolo­


gian and active promoter of free church life;

b. at Haseldorf, near Hamburg, Mar. 25, 1812;

d. at Rostock July 21, 1889. He was educated at

Altona, Kiel, and Berlin, becoming in the last Iialned

place an outspoken adherent of Hengstenberg.

But the study of Dorner during a period of seven

years (18396) spent at Kiel as a teacher con­


vinced him that the traditional orthodox view

of the person of Christ was inadequate to explain

the mystery of redemption; be passed from Heng­


stenberg to Schleiermaoher, with his principle that

Christianity is not a doctrine but a life, and then to

Hofmann, in whose Weissagung and Erfiillung

he saw a theology that could lead him further on

his road. In his treatise Lzturgie and Predigt

(Kiel, 1843) he lays down his programme, to which

as an old man he was still proud of having adhered.

Here he classes as stumbling blocks in the Church's

way a variety of ancient institutions, laws, and

customs, viz.: the misleading notion of a "•Chris­


tian State"; the use of compulsion in the Church

(as in the case of baptism); the power of civil

THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG

rulers within the Church, in allowing which the

Reformers had brought back a Byzantine system;

the diversity of teaching among Protestants; and

the failure to recognize the menace of the Roman

errors. About the same time (1843 44) appeared

his commentary on the Pentateuch, to which

Delitzsch appealed when in 1850 he recommended

his friend to succeed him in the Rostock professor­


ship, but which none the less he sharply criticized

in some points. In the eventful years 1846 50

he was pastor of St. Michael's church at Sleswick,

and was one of the leaders of the clergy of Sleswick­


Holstein in their struggle for the German right

to the duchies. After the battle of Idstedt, he

was obliged to escape from Sleswick with his

family to Holstein, where his call to Rostock found

him. Here he was expected to take part in 'the

upbuilding of the Church of the duchy, which was

under Kliefoth's leadership; but two men more

diametrically opposed in their whole way of looking

at things could scarcely have been found. Baum­


garten frankly expressed his own view of the earliest

history of the Church in his Apostelgeschichte (2

viols., Halls, 1852), and of its modern needs in his

Nachtgesichte Sacharjas (Brunswick, 1854). It

was not difficult to make a collection of heretical

propositions from the writings of a man who cared

so little to express himself in time honored formulas,

and who was wrestling with such modern problems;

and the attempt was soon made. The Grand Duke

dismissed him from the theological commission in

1856; the consistory examined his works, it must

be admitted without strict adherence to constitu­


tional rules or to the principles of fairness, found

a whole series of departures from the received

doctrine, and deprived him of his position. He

declined au invitation to go to India as a missionary,

preferring to remain and carry on the struggle for

a complete reconstruction of the Evangelical Church

in Germany. With this aim he was for thirteen

years a zealous member of the Protestant Union

from 1863 to 1876, but left it when it showed

intolerance in the Heidelberg case. His life grew

more and more lonely, though he could always count

on a few faithful friends, like Studt, Ziegler, and

Pestalozzi. He was a member of the Reichstag

from 1874 to 1881, in which he showed himself a

determined opponent of Stocker and of the Jesuits,

and stood for his principles of religious liberty

and complete separation of Church and State.

He was a man of great natural endowment, fitted

for useful constructive work in theology, if the un­


fortunate circumstances in his career had not forced

him to expend his energy in the combat to which

most of his numerous later writings have reference.

. (J. HAUBBLEITER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY  His autobiography was edited and pub­lished posthumously by K. H. 6tudt, 2 vole., Kiel, 1891.