Samuel macauley jackson, D. D., LL. D
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THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE Editor in Chirf SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. Editor in Chief of Supplementary Volumes LEFFERTS A. LOETSCHER, Ph.D., D.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BAKER BOOK HOUSE GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA or RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE EDITED BY SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. (Editor in Chief ) WITH THE ASSISTANCE of CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE., M.A. (daeociate Editors) AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT KDITON• CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. (Department of Symemamc 77uoloyy) HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations) JAM FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. (Department of Luuryicr and Reiigiosu Orders) JAKE FREDERIC McCUBDY, PH.D., LL.D. (Department of the Old Teerament) HENRY SYLVESTER NABH, D.D. (Department of the New Testament) ALBERT HENRY NEWNAN, D.D., LLD. (Department of Church History) FRANK HORACE YIZETELLY, F.B.A. (Department of P"mnciation and 7ooyraphY) VOLUME V GOAR INNOCENT BAKER BOOK HOUSE GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN 1953 EXCLUSIVE AMERICAN PUBLICATION RIGHTS SECURED BY BAKER BOOK HOUSE FROM FUNK AND WAGNALLS PHOTOLITHOPRINTED BY CUSHING MALLOY, INC. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1953 EDITORS SAMUEL XACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. (EDITOR IN CHIEF.) Professor of Church History, New York University. ASSOCIATE EDITORS CHARLES COLE33ROOK SHERMAN GFEORG~E WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on "The New New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and International Encyclopedia," New York. Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary. DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME V CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. (Department of Systematic Theology.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary. HENRY BINGE CARROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations.) Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference. JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. (Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders.) President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y. JAMES FREDERICK. MCCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D. (Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D. (Department of Church History.) Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Tex. FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A. (Department of Pronunciation and Typography.) Managing Editor of the STANDARD DICTIONARY, etc., New York City. CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME Y JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOT, D.D., Missionary in Bombay, India. ERNST CHRISTIAN ACHELIB, Th.D., Professor of Practical Theology, University of Marburg. WILHELM ALTMANN, Ph.D., Director of the Deutsche Musiksammlung, Berlin. FRANKLIN CARL ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Breslau. JOHANNES BACHMANN (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Rostock. HERMANN GE03ELG JULIUS BECK, Consiatorial Councilor and First Preacher, Baireuth. CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECg WITH, D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary. IZA33X • BENEATH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg. IMDIANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BEN ZIN(iER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., German Orientalist and Vice Consul for Holland in Jerusalem. CARL ALBRECHT BERNOULLI, Th.Lic., Professor in Berlin. CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D., Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg. BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic., Librarian, University of Halle. WILLIBALD BEYBCHLAQ (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Halle. TEEBOD03ELA CROSBY BLISS, Writer on Missions. EMIL BLOESCH (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology. Bern. HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Professor of Church History, University of Bonn. CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME V GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BON WETSOH, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen. FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Auxiliary Librarian, University Library, Marburg. GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Retired Pastor, Stuttgart. JOHANNES F'RIEDRIOH THEODOR BRIEGER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic. CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., Litt.D., Professor of Theological Encyclopsjdia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York. ARTHUR YON BROECKER, Th.D., Chief Pastor of Jacobiklrche, Hamburg. CARL VON BUCHRQCHKR (t), Th.D., Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich. FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen. KARL BURGER (t), Th.D., Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich. H933MICH CARL CARSTENS (t), Late Provost in Tondern, Prussia. WALTER CASPARI, Ph.D., Th.Lic., University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Erlangen. JOHAN ANTERS OEDEBBERG, Th.D., Provost in St. Michel, Finland. JAOAUES EUGUE CHOISY, Th.D., Pastor in Geneva. JOHN WILLIAM CLARK, Corresponding and Executive Secretary of the National Indian Association. JOSEPH BOURNE CLARKE, D.D., Editorial Secretary of the Congregational Home Mis sionary Society, New York. OTTO CONSTANTIN CLEMEN, Ph.D., Th.D., Gymaseial Professor at Zwickau. FERDINAND COHRS, Th.Lic., Consistorial Councilor, Weld, Germany. HENRY COWAN, D.D., Professor of Church History, University of Aberdeen, Scotland. EDWARD TANJORE CORWIN, D.D., Church Historian, North Branch, New Jersey. AUGUST HERMANN CREMES (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Greifawald. GUSTAF HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Univereity of Leipeic, and President of the German Evangelical Archeological. Institute, Jerusalem. EDWIN CHARLES DARGAN, D.D., LL.D., Pastor of the First Baptist Church, Macon. Georgia. JOHN D. DAVIS, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental and Old Testament Literature, Princeton Theological Seminary. GUSTAV ADOLF DEISSMANN, Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Berlin. SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Berlin. FRANZ WILHELM DIBELIUS, Ph.D., Th.D., Supreme Oonsietorial Councilor, City Superintendent, and Pastor of the Kreuakirche, Dresden. ERNST VON DOBSCHUETZ, Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Strasburg. PAUL GOTTFRIED DBEWS, Th.D., Professor of Practical Theology, University of Halle. JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D., President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, New York. EX31L EGLI (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Zurich. JOHANNES ERDMANN, Pastor at Skurz, Province of West Prussia. LUDWIG ALPR30M ERICHSON (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Preacher at St. Thomas', Strasburg, Germany. HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D., Member of the Editorial Staff of the Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, New York. PAUL FEINE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Berlin. CHRISTIAN THEODOR FICKER, Ph.D., Emeritus Pastor at Eythra, near Leipsic. DAVID HAY FLEXING, LL.D., Honorary Secretary of the Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh. FRIEDRICH FLOERING, Ph.D., Th.D., Consistorial Councilor, Darmstadt. RUDOLF FOSS (t), Late Councilor in Groeslichterfelde, Germany. FRANK HUGH FOSTER, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of History, Olivet College, Michigan. GUSTAV WILHELM FRANK (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Dogmatics, Symbolics and Christian Ethics, University of Vienna. HERMAN FRANKFURTH, Ph.D., Teacher at the Sophien Realgymnasium, Berlin. ALBERT FREYSTEDT (t), Th.Lic., Late Pastor in Cologne. EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG, Th.D., Dr. Jnr., Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, University of Leipsic. WILHELM FUNKE (t), Late Pastor at Gehrden, near Hanover. JOHANNES ABRAHAM GERTH VAN WIJK (t), Th.D., Late Reformed Church Clergyman at The Hague, Holland. GE03ELGE WILLLA M GILMORE, M.A., Former Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary. WILHELM GOETZ, Ph.D., Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical High School, and Professor, Military Academy, Munich. CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME V CASPAR BEN* GREGORY Ph.D., Th.D., D.D., LL.D., Dr.~ur., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. PAUL GRVENME%G, Th.Lic., Pastor in Strasburg. GEORG GRUETZMACHER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Extraordinary Professor of Church History, University of Heidelberg. PAULUS GUEDER (t), late Pastor at Biglen, Switzerland. HERMANN (?LITHE, Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Wpsic. MARL HAC$ENSCHXIDT, Th.D., Pastor in Strasburg. ADOLF HAANACH, M.D., Ph.D., Th.D., Dr. Jur., General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin. THOMAS SAMUEL HASTINGS, D.D., LL.D., L.H.D., Emeritus Professor of Pastoral Theology, Union Theo logical Seminary, New York. ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History University of Wpsic Editor in Chief of the Hauck herzog $eolencyklopete. HERMAN HAUPT, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the University Library, Giessen. JOHANNES HAQSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of the New Testament, University of Greifewald. AUGUST WILHELM HEGLER (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Ttabingen. ERNST HENKE (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Marburg. LUDWIG THEODOR EDGAR HENNECBE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Pastor in Betheln, Hanover. WILHELM HERMANN, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Marburg. JOHANN JAKOB HERZOG (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen. PAUL DIETHELM HESS, Pastor at Witikon near Zurich. JOHANNES HESSE, Former Editor of the Evanpeliachea Miaaiona Maygain and President of the Publishing Society at Calve, Wtirttemberg. PAUL HINSCHIQS (t), Th.D., Dr.Jur., Iate Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Berlin. FERDINAND HOERSCHELMANN (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Practical Theology, University of Dorpat. EARL HOLL, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Berlin. WILHELM HOLLENBERG (t), Ph.D., Late Gymnasial Director, Bonn. ALFRED JEBEMIA8, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Privet docent, University of Leipsic. ADOLF HERMANN HEINRICH KAMP HAUSEN (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn. FBRDINAMD FRIEDRICH WILHELX BATTENBUSOH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halls. PETER GUSTAV HAWERAQ, Th.D., Conaistorial Councilor, Professor of Practical Theology and University Preacher, University of Breslau. OTTO SIRN, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of JApsic. RUDOLF BITTEL, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Unij arsity of Leipsio. HUGO WILHELX PAUL KLEINERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and Practical Theol ogy, University of Berlin. RUDOLF $OEGEL (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Court Preacher, Berlin. JULIUS HOESTLIN (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur., Late Professor of Theology, University of Halls. CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH ADOLF SOLB, Th.D., Prelate and Court Preacher, Ludwlgsburg, THEODOR FRIEDRICH HERMANN SOLDE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen. WILHELM LUDWIG KRAFFT (t), Late Professor at Bonn. HERMANN GUSTAV EDUARD KRUEGER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Giessen. ROBERT BQEBEL (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Pastoral Theology, University of Tubingen. ALBERT B: UHNERT, Superintendent in Cottbus, Prussia. JOHANNES WILHELM BQNZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University;f Greifswald. EZ City Pastor in Leonberg, Wdrrttemberg. MORITZ LAUTERBURG, Th.D., Th.Lic., Professor of Practical Theology, University of Bern. KARL FRIEDRICH LMD31RHOSE (t), late Dekan in Neckarau, Mannheim. LUDWIG LEMME, Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg. EDUARD LEMPP, Ph.D., Superintendent of the Royal Orphan Asylum, Stuttgart. BRUNO LINDNER, Ph.D., Professor of Aryan Languages, University of Wpeic. GEORG LOESCHE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History~ Evangelical Theological Faculty, Vienna. FRIEDRICH ARMIN LOOPS, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Halle. JOHANN LOSERTH, Ph.D., Professor of History, University of Gras, WILHELM PHILIPP FRIEDRICH FERDINAND LOTZ, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen. WILHELM JULIUS MANGOLD (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Bonn. KONRAD VON MAURER (t), LL.D., Late Professor of Law, University of Munich. PAUL MEHLHORN, Th.D., Pastor of the Reformed Church, Lefpsic. JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto. OTTO MEJER (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late President of the Consistory, Hanover. PHILIPP MEYER, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Hanover. CARL THEODOR MIRBT, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Marburg. ALEXANDER FERRIER MITCHELL (t), D.D., Late Professor, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. EUGEN MOGK, Ph.D., Extraordinary Professor of Northern Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Leipsic. IVA Ag MOLENAAR, Pastor in Zaandam, North Holland. HERMANN MOSAPP, Ph.D., Councilor for Schools, Stuttgart. ERNST FRIEDRICH KARL MUELLER, Th.D., Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen. GEORG MUELLER, Ph.D., Th.D., Inspector of Schools, Leipsic. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D., Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. IWAX NAUMANN, Ph.D., Gymnasial Teacher, Berlin. CHRISTOF EBERHARD NESTLE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, Maulbronn, Wfrttemberg. KARL JOHANNES NEUMANN, Ph.D., Professor of Ancient History, University of Strasburg. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Texas. FREDERICK CHRISTIAN NIELSEN (t), D.D., Late Bishop of Aarhus, Denmark. TH03EL GEORG BERNHARD ODLAND (t), Late Pastor in Copenhagen. CONRAD VON ORELLI, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel. EDWARDS AXASA PARK (t), D.D., Late Professor in Andover Theological Seminary. FRANCIS LANDEY PATTON, D.D., LL.D., President of Princeton Theological Seminary. CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME V CARL PFENDER, Pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Parts. WILHELM PREGER (t), Late Professor, University of Munich. HERMANN RAHLENBECB, Pastor in Cologne. EDUARD REUSS (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Strasburg. SOLOMAN B.$VASZ, Senior of the Reformed Church, Kaschau, Hungary. GEORG CHRIBTIAW RIETSCHEL, Th.D., Professor of Practical Theology and University Preacher, University of Leipsic. RUDOLF ROCHOLL (t), Th.D., Late Ecclesiastical Councilor, Dasseldorf. ROBERT WILLLAM ROGERS, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, New Jersey. HENDRIX CORNELIS ROGGE (t), Ph.D., Late Professor of History, University of Harlem. ARNOLD RUEGFG, Pastor at Birmensdorf and Lecturer at the University of Zurich. GEORG WILHELX RUNZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of Religious Philosophy and Systematic Theology, University of Berlin. THEODOR SCHAEFER, Th.D., Head of the Deaconess Institute, Altona. DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D., Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsurg, Pa. PHILIP SCHAFF (t), D.D., LL.D., Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. REINHOLD SCHMID, Th.Lic., Pastor in Oberholzheim, Wiirttemberg. ALBERT SCHNEIDER (t), Late Professor of Roman Law, University of Zurich. LUDVIG SCHROEDER (t), Late Professor, University of Copenhagen. JOHANN FRIEDRICH BITTER VON SCHULTE, Dr.Jur., Professor of Law, University of Bonn. VICTOR SCHULTZE, Th.D., Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Greifswald. HANS SCHULZ, Ph.D., Gymnasial Professor, Steglitz, near Berlin. LUDWIG THEODOR SCHULZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock. ALEXANDER SCHWEIZER (t), D.D., Late Professor in Zurich. EMIL SECKEL, Dr.Jur., Professor of Law, University of Berlin. REINHOLD SEEBERGI, Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Berlin. CHRISTIAAN SEPP (t), Th.D., Late Mennonite Preacher, Leyden. CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME V ISAAC SHARP LESS, LLM., President of Haverford College, Haverford, Pa. FRIEDRICH ANTON EVIL SIEFFERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn. GEORG EDUARD SIEVERS, Ph.D., Professor of German Literature, University of Leipsic. ERNEST GOTTLIEB SIEMER, Ph.D., Professor of Latin, New York University. JOHANN LEONHARD SONNER (t), Th.Lic., Late Dean at Neustadt an der Aisch, Bavaria. RUDOLF STAEHELIN (t), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Basel. GE03ELG STEINDORFF, Ph.D., Professor of Egyptology, University of Leipsic. GEORG EDUARD STEITZ (t), Th.D., Late Pastor, Frankfort on the Main. WILLIAM CURTIS STILES, IBM., Member of the Editorial Staff of The Homiletic Review. HERMANN LEBERECHT STRACK, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and Semitic Languages, University of Berlin. PHILIPP STRAUCH, Ph.D., Professor of Germanic Languages, University of Halle. FRIEDRICH TEUTSCH (t), Th.D., Late Consistorial Councilor, Hermannstadt, Germany. KARL THIEVE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of Leipsic. ERNST PETER WIT LX TROELTSCH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg. PAUL TSCHACKERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Gdttingen. JOHANN GERHARD WILHELM UHLHORN (t), Th.D., Late Abbot of Lokkum, Germany. HEINRICH ULNANN, Ph.D., Professor of History, University of Greifswald. KONRAD VARRENTRAPP, Ph.D., Professor of History, University of Marburg. SIETRE DOUWES VAN VEEN, Th.D., Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Utrecht. WILHELN VOLCK (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Rostock. WILHELM NARKUS WALTHER, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Rostock. BENJAMIN BRECKINRIDGE WAR FIELD, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology, Princeton Theological Seminary. FRIEDRICH WILHELN HERMANN WASSERSCHLEBEN (t), Late Professor of Theology, University of Giessen. JOHANNES WEISS, ThM., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg. CARL HEINRICH VON WEIZSAECKER (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Tilbingen. AUGUST WILHELM WERNER, Th.D., Pastor Primarius, Guben, Prussia. FRIEDRICH LUDWIG LEONHARD WIEGAND, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Greifswald. PAUL WOLFF (t), late Pastor at Friedersdorf, Brandenburg, and Editor of the Evongeliache %irchznzeitunp. THEOD03EL ZAHN, Th.D., Litt.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Introduction, University of Erlangen. RUDOLF ZEHNPFVND, Ph.D., Minister in Oranienbaum. WILHELM ZIMMERMAN, PhM., Gymnasial Professor in Darmstadt. OTTO ZOECKLER (t), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, Uni versity of Greifwald. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX yOLS. I Y The following list of books is supplementary to the bibliographies given at the end of the articles contained in volumes I. V., and brings the literature down to September, 1909. In this list each vocab ulary entry is printed in capital letters. ADLER , H.: 8. Adler, Anglo Jeurd.h Memories, and Other Sermons, London, 1909. AxARNA TABLETS: F. M. Bahl, Die S der Amarnabrisfe mit besmiderer ~ igung der |
